TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATION OF PLANTS AND VEGETABLE

TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATION OF PLANTS AND VEGETABLE-LIKE FORMS IN OPTIMUM CONDITIONS

Samodurov Igor Viktorovich

The younger scientific employee

(Ekaterinburg, laboratory SAPR KS UrGUPS)

The concept of this technology consists in cultivation of plants and vegetable-like forms in isolated space (environment), in absence and protection against parasites and adverse factors, maintenance of plants with all necessary for development, and an opportunity of control and manipulations behind phases of development of a plant.

The idea of cultivation of plants in tight sterile conditions is not new, but only technical opportunities for its realization and for development of concrete profitable technologies recently have appeared.

Now universal application of similar technologies is problematic because of complexity and dearness, and as disinterest of the majority of the involved organizations in application of environmentally safe technologies. But, probably, there are regions where the offered technology can be applied with success already now. The technology can be profitable at cultivation of valuable whimsical herbs. Application of this technology will considerably be reduced the price at industrial introduction.

Taking into account on photosynthesis and the fact of that there will be disengage an energy spent by a plant on protection against parasites and adverse factors, productivity of technology can be estimated opportunities of plants approximately in 50-100 kg dry organic weight of a product from square meter a year (or 0.5-2 ton. Alive vegetative weight). Thus it will be much easier to reduce to a minimum or completely to exclude loss and I spoil a product at gathering, transportation and storage.

Variants of realization of technology it is possible to offer set. But the most comprehensible from them I think variants with application soilless systems, available inside tight capacities, cylinders. Inside such cylinders optimum environment for plants can be created: only useful organisms are brought, maintenance with nutrients (including the device special the gas environment) and maintenance of optimum conditions of a microclimate (temperature modes, light exposure, humidity) is made.

Taking into account high efficiency of offered technology, and as (that will inevitably lead to complication of system, to decrease in its reliability, essential destabilization of a microclimate in view of non-uniformity of solar radiation), it is expedient to apply complexity of use of solar radiation mainly or extremely artificial illumination. It will provide more exact regulation of an irradiation of plants, optimum combinations of spectra and an arrangement of the sources, full independence of the internal environment of factors of an environment. Capacities are necessary for producing as much as possible hermetically sealed, for example, integral (all-metal, whole-polymeric or composit) and to place them as multi-storey constructions. Such constructions as can be protected in the various ways from factors of an environment: for example, having concluded in the protective hermetically sealed environments and-or and disinfectant environments.

All kinds of internal works, processing of plants and harvesting can be made by means of the special equipment working automatically or on remote dispatching management. The exchange with an environment (a loading-unloading of materials, the equipment, substances and products) can be carried out by means of special systems, the devices, disinfectant chambers and so forth equipment.

With application of offered technology cultivation of seaweed and water plants is possible. Cultivation can be made in the capacities having, for example, a kind of transparent polymeric "sleeves", filled with the liquid environment (for example, water) with the device of its circulation, or from 100 % humidity. Inside such "sleeves" the optimum environment also should be supported and be brought nutrients. Cultivation of seaweed and water plants should be presumably much easier and cheaper than technology of cultivation of ground plants, the transparency of "sleeves" allows to use solar radiation.

Offered technologies will allow to cultivate genetically advanced plants and vegetable-like forms. Are in the long term possible a cancellation at plants at a genetic level of immune system, frame functions, functions of duplication, development of reserve bodies and other unnecessary parts of plants, liquidation of unnecessary parts of fruits, reception of fruits, optimum nutritious for the person and as a cancellation of synthesis at plants of some substances which are more expedient for synthesizing it is artificial and to enter into nutrient mediums, partial or full replacement of bearing and having parts of a plant with artificial systems.

As with application of methods of genic engineering it is possible to create and raise new plants and the forms which are even not growing old which will be as much as possible adapted to the given technology and are most productive. Programming reactions of a plant on various managing influences that will allow to strengthen the control of vegetation is possible and to make it more precisely.

The basic advantages of application of offered technology:

1. Advantages to consumers: Products are ecologically pure, fruits are not infected, not damaged and not polluted. Therefore, they can be stored, consumed longer without superfluous stages of preliminary processing, having lowered, thus, quantity of waste products and the charge of washing-up liquids, waters. In products the structure of elements (nutrients, vitamins, enzymes) is balanced. Some of elements can contain even in the raised quantity that will allow to use them in the medical purposes, to provide safety of products, resistibility to harmful factors longer. Products it will be possible to store long enough period in the preserving environment.

2. Advantages to the manufacturer the Automatic or automated control over all industrial and cultivator processes, an opportunity of planning of ripening to the certain term, full safety of products by the moment of ripening, and as the maximal safety during storage and transportations. Rather simple protection cultivator environments from adverse climatic both other factors, and maintenance of stability of a microclimate. Cultivator devices and installations it is possible to have in any territories, irrespective of factors of an environment. Service life of the basic building designs and other devices can be estimated in the terms much more exceeding their "moral" obsolescence. Application of a robotics will release people from heavy and harmful in usual working conditions.

3. Advantages to an environment: Full isolation of cycles, exception of any influence on an environment. The small borrowed area and consumed natural resources that will allow not only to save but also to liberate used agricultural cropland. It is less than waste products of the food-processing industry, drains. In hothouses it is possible "to utilize" various gases (CO2, metane, connections of nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus), being by-products of industrial production.

Finally, at development of a technological level of a civilization, aggravation of ecological crises, toughening of ecological norms, requirements and sanctions, application of offered technologies becomes everywhere cheap and is profitable. People will start to consume more than vegetative food as products plant cultivation will be balanced enough on structure, are absolutely safe in consumption and are externally more attractive. As pastures strongly break balance in the nature, and the animal industries promotes distribution of parasites and illnesses; that it will suffer the increasing restrictions and to become all is less profitable. Livestock products to become will be less accessible and are more dear. There will be a new image of a pure, high-grade vegetative feed.

The additional facts: ·

Now speed of destruction humus soil on our planet in 1000 times exceeds speed of his accumulation. ·

On formation of ground of 1 mm is required on the average 10 years. ·

On natural restoration of woods of an average strip of Russia it is required: 40-60 years for a birch forest, 70-100 years for a pine forest, 120-150 for a fir grove. On artificial restoration of time leaves approximately twice three times less. ·

Territories of desertification are equal to territory of two Canada’s, territories of erosion are equal to the area of two Switzerland’s. ·

On the ground there were only 35 % from that quantity of woods which was till the moment of the beginning of active human activity 10 thousand years ago. ·

In Africa fertility soil will be completely exhausted in 30 years, in the USA through 60, in Russia the problem is not put (in different zones differently). ·

In 50-60 years woods of Amazon can be completely shown practically. ·

Daily from the person of the ground 10-30 kinds of plants and animal (all kinds of an alive matter it is totaled about 8-10 million) disappear. Till the moment of the beginning of active human activity disappeared no more than 1 kind in 1,5 years. That is, speed disappearance of kinds has increased approximately in 10000 times. ·

the Number of kinds of parasites, steady against the certain types of pesticides, is doubled each 5-10 years. The quantity of kinds of weeds, steady against herbicides, is doubled each 5-8 years. There are new forms, processes of natural selection (perfection) of parasites are accelerated. ·

each third inhabitant of the ground (Africa, Mexico, India) Undereats. In the same regions and for same people shortage of water is felt. Daily die for famine more then 30 thousand person. ·

One portion beefsteak 200-300 gramme corresponds on expenses for manufacture to 30-50 portions of vegetative (grain) products.